Greek Mythology and Its Effects on Civilization - 803 Words

Greek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs and rituals practiced in ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. Many Greeks recognized the major gods and goddesses, such as Zeus, Poseidon, Hades and many others through philosophies such as Stoicism. The religious practices of the Greeks extended beyond mainland Greece to the islands and costs of Ionia in Asia Minor to Sicily and southern Italy, and scattered Greek colonies in the Western Mediterranean. Greek religion was tempered by Etruscan cult and belief to form much of the later Ancient Roman religion. Greek religion had an extensive mythology. It consisted largely of stories of the gods and how they affected humans on eart. Myths†¦show more content†¦The story of Achilles is from Greek mythology: his heel was said to be the only place on his body where he was susceptible to attack; now known as someones achilles heel, it is derived from the following story: ...when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die in battle from an arrow in the foot. To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx which was supposed to offer powers of invincibility and dipped his body into the water...[holding] Achilles by the heel...[which] was not washed over by the water of the magical river. The Olympic games which are held every four years come from the Greek practice of the same event. The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. ...[it is thought to have ended approximately in] 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius I declared that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated...After the demise of the Olympics, they were not held again until the late 19thShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology: Influences and Effect to Greek Civilization5325 Words   |  22 PagesINTRODUCTION â€Å"Mythos†- a Greek word meaning â€Å"tale† and the origin of the word mythology; according to the dictionary mythology means, a traditional story aiming to explain the meaning of things concerning deities and demigods. Greek Mythology has been known to be one of the footprints left by the civilization of ancient Greece to our history and these mythology somehow shed a light to the culture, life style, religion and history of ancient Greece since the mythology were the primary basis of theRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Ancient Greece1107 Words   |  5 Pagesand every day. Various gods ruled these different city states. Mythology was very huge in Ancient Greece. There are so many different folktales and myths from Ancient Greece. Do you ever wonder if any of those ancient Myth’s were true? Ever believe that those myths still help shape society today? 1. Burrell, Roy. The Greeks. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. This book explains how the Minoans helped influence Ancient Greek mythology in many ways. Most people believe that the Ancient Greece usedRead MoreI believe that mythology should still be taught in schools, although with less of an emphasis and600 Words   |  3 Pages I believe that mythology should still be taught in schools, although with less of an emphasis and across more cultures. Myths are important parts of literature, and have complexity that is different than normal novels. Also, myths teach about the culture of their time, as well as how people lived and what they believed. Along these lines, I think that other cultures’ myths should also be taught, as they also teach about the people of their time. Mythology is an important form of literature thatRead MoreComparing Roman And Greek Mythology1354 Words   |  6 Pages Roman Vs. Greek Mythology Roman and Greek mythology are full of complexities. Much of Greek and Roman everyday life revolved around these myths. Many similarities are obvious between Roman and Greek mythology because the Romans borrowed a significant amount of their myths and gods from the Greeks. Although Roman and Greek mythology have a few components in common, they also have many various aspects that cause differences in their cultures. First of all; values, morals, traditionsRead MoreThe Importance of Greek Mythology1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of Greek mythology Today, the ancient Greek myths still fascinate readers throughout the world. There are thousands of books written about the importance of Greek mythology in the formation of modern-time societies. There are hundreds of movies created about the adventures of Greek heroes. Apparently, the events, creatures, and people described in the ancient Greek myths were not real; however, their mythical nature does not undermine the importance of Greek mythology in defining theRead MoreArchitecture And Art Concepts Today Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesAn empire lasting from 27 BCE to the 5th century CE, the Romans are regarded as one of the more advanced civilizations in ancient history, with its roman arches, running water, sculptures, paintings, architectural designs, and use of a form of modern government. Even though this civilization is long gone, it still continues to influence design, fashion, architecture and art concepts today. One of the longest lasting impressions from Roman Times is their architecture, some of which still currentlyRead MoreGreek Mythology Of Ancient Greece1551 Words   |  7 Pagesdemocracy, theatre, and the Olympic games; these are just a few of the many wonders Ancient Greece had to offer. However, one of the most memorable creations of Ancient Greece would have to be Greek mythology. These myths included hundreds of stories and teachings that would have a lasting effect on Greek culture for centuries to come. When taking a deeper look into some of these myths, one may notice gender and sexual behavior to be themes that occur quite frequently. One also cannot help but noticeRead MoreClassical Influences On Modern Films And Literature1171 Words   |  5 PagesVuong Khuat Classical influences on modern films and literature Classical Greece and Rome were ancient civilizations that existed 2500 years ago, and are regarded by numerous scholars as the foundation of humanities in various fields. In popular culture, Ancient Greece and Rome are portrayed substantially in books and movies; however, not many people are aware of how they also shape our thoughts, ideals, and motivations. Through an analysis of classical elements often portrayed in popularRead MoreDifferences and Similarities of Greek and Roman Gods1714 Words   |  7 PagesMythological gods are a subject that has fascinated many for centuries. Some of the more popular gods are the Greek gods and t he Roman gods. On many occasions people have confused the gods of these two ancient civilizations. For instance when a person thinks of the goddess of love they may think of Venus or Aphrodite and think that they are one and the same. They are not though, Aphrodite is the Greek goddess of love and Venus her Roman counter part. When thinking of t he God of Love, Cupid is the firstRead MoreAncient Greece And Rome Vs. Rome1179 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Greece and Rome were ancient civilizations that existed 2500 years ago, and are regarded by numerous scholars as the foundation of humanities in various fields. In popular culture, Ancient Greece and Rome are portrayed substantially in books and movies; however, not many people are aware of how they also shape our thoughts, ideals, and motivations. Through an analysis of classical elements often portrayed in popular media, this essay attempts to illustrate how the representation of ancient

Essay about Mass Incarceration of African Americans

â€Å"Until justice is blind to color, until education is unaware of race, until opportunity is unconcerned with the color of mens skins, emancipation will be a proclamation but not a fact.†(Lyndon Johnson). For generations in the United Stated, ethnic minorities have been discriminated against and denied fair opportunity and equal rights. In the beginning there was slavery, and thereafter came an era of racism which directly impacted millions of minorities lives. This period called Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system up in till mid 1960s. Jim Crow was more than just a series of severe anti-Black laws, it became a way of life. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were positioned to the status of second class citizens. What Jim Crow†¦show more content†¦Just like race is a social construct and exists only in our minds, with no biological evidence, so is the assumption that most prisoners convicted of drug offense are African Americans. It is a myth that we a s a nation have moved beyond race, Racial caste is alive and well in America. Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, explained how our treatment of criminals has created a new racial caste system, and the only way to make change is by massive social change and Civil Rights movement. The criminal laws often focus on psychoactive drugs used by the minority populations. Minorities are disproportionately targeted, arrested, and punished for drug offenses. For instance, Black, Latino, Native American, and many Asian were portrayed as violent, traffickers of drugs and a danger to society. Surveillance was focused on communities of color, also immigrants, the unemployed, the undereducated, and the homeless, who continue to be the main targets of law enforcement efforts to fight the war on drugs. Although African Americans comprise only 12.2 percent of the population and 13 percent of drug users, they make up 38 percent of those arrested f or drug offenses and 59 percent of those convicted of drug offenses causing critics to call the war on drugs the â€Å"New Jim Crow†(drug policy). The drugShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Mass Incarceration On African Americans1019 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica has the highest prevalence of jailing its citizens. Nearly 2.3 million Americans are behind bars or nearly one percent of the adult population at any given time (Campbell, Vogel, Williams, 2015). As of 2014, African Americans make up 34% of the incarcerated population. As a result, a disproportionate amount of African American youth will experience a parent’s incarceration. Research has shown that children of incarcerated parents experience emotional problems, socioeconomic problemsRead MoreThe Lack Of Reintegration Programs And Mass Incarceration Of African Americans912 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Problem The problem to be address in this paper is the lack of reintegration programs and mass incarceration of African Americans in the United. Mass incarceration amongst African Americans has had a catastrophic impact on families and communities and continues to create a cycle of discrimination, which makes its nearly impossible as a race to progress. Because of the soaring incarceration rate in the United States, many prisons are over populated and lack resources and support to help inmatesRead MoreMass incarceration of African Americans, The Revised Caste System1780 Words   |  8 Pageshas been an ongoing topic in history since slavery. As Americans we are affected by racial injustices everyday. One may not realize how their own racial identity plays a part in their everyday life experiences. The dynamics of racial oppression and privilege with the United States is incredibly complex ranging from the time of establishment to present day. The present day racial inequality within the cr iminal justice system and incarceration rates has peaked in the United States over the last 30Read MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 PagesImagine if someone was able to change others perceptions on the American criminal justice system? Michelle Alexander was able to accomplish that by altering some people s entire perception on the American criminal justice system by focusing on our most pressing civil right issues of our time for some of those who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegalRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 PagesCrow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civil rights movementRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 PagesJim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civil rights movementRead MoreRacial Disparities Of Mass Incarceration1572 Words   |  7 PagesRacial disparities in mass incarceration Introduction Mass Incarceration in the United States has been a large topic of choice because rapid growth in the prison and jail populations, the long sentences the inmates face, and the inability for some inmates to incorporate themselves back into society. Since the 1970’s the U.S. prison population quadrupled from 158 to 635 people per 100,000, causing the U.S. to gain the title of country with the highest incarceration rate. (Massoglia, Firebaugh, Read MoreThe New Jim Crow?919 Words   |  4 Pagesissue, Alexander found the prison system was a way to oppress African Americans and wrote the novel The New Jim Crow. The New Jim Crow follows the history of the racial caste system and in the novel Alexander comes to the conclusion that the mass incarceration of African American is the New Jim Crow, or in other words a new system of black oppression. Though some might try to refute the idea of mass incarceration of African Americans, Alexander offers a well thought out argument with subst antialRead More The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and legal scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass incarceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander (2010) argues that despite the old Jim Crow is death, does not necessarily means the end of racial caste (p.21). In her book â€Å"The New Jim Crow†, Alexander describes a set of practices and social discourses that serve toRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1081 Words   |  5 Pages Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness outlines how the criminal justice system has systematically designed new methods of discriminating against African Americans. The book advocates for racial justice, specifically, for A frican Americans and contends they [African Americans] were targeted and subsequently incarcerated, by white voters and public officials, through the War on Drugs campaign. President Reagan and his Administration exploited racial

Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution Free Essays

Although most historians say that pre-history is not important, it is actually very important because that is where it all started. Paleolithic Age, which refers to the hunting and gathering way of life, is 95% of the human history. 100,000 years ago, Homo sapiens started using tools to manipulate their surroundings, and migrating and adapting to new environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now They traveled to Eurasia, Australia, Western hemisphere, and the Pacific islands. Then they started farming, which lead to an era with more technology, surplus, and time to think. The Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution was an important beginning to the human history. A lot happened during the Paleolithic Age. Technological innovations, such as stone blades and tools made out of bones were created, along with the controlling of fire. Some people argue because there was no surplus and there was no specialization, life was more egalitarian back then. Men and women were thought to have a more equal relationship. Even then people were spiritual, marking their existence, and was trying to control natural forces with supernatural forces. Forces of nature beyond their control was feared. When people started migrating, people learned and invented ways to adapt to their environment. They started communicating through language, and in the Americas, it is evident from the discovery of Clovis point that people communicated in a large area. At the end of the Ice Age, the warmer and wetter climate made it easier to settle down, which lead to the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was when people started farming all over the world. This gave them surplus, which made them settle down, which eventually lead to villages, cities, empires, and civilizations. But this also meant a more concentrated power to the elite men who forced the labor system, thus more stratified. Pastoralism also developed, which was the domestication of animals. Animals were used for not only meat purposes now but also for transportation, power, and manure. The pastoralists and agricultural people would later conflict due to competition for land. Agriculture all depended on availability. In the Fertile Crescent, a variety of plants and animals were available for domestication. But in the Mesoamerica, only corn/maize was available, but it also lead to the first genetic engineering. More sophisticated tools were invented, and people tried to control nature by the deliberate selection of plants. Humans started impacting the environment a lot. Agricultural diffusion occurred, where language and ideas spread to other parts of the world. Overall, the Neolithic Revolution lead to increase in human population, new technologies (pottery, metallurgy, secondary products), new diseases spreading, difficulty to move when something disastrous (crop failures) happens, chiefdoms, and settlements. The Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution was when â€Å"Homo sapiens† became â€Å"humans. † It was the base of a new era, the Industrial Era, which is when humans dominate the world for good or for bad. But it all certainly started when humans first started using tools, and started farming all over the world. How to cite Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution, Essay examples

Management of IT Services and Department

Question: Discuss about the Management of IT Services and Department. Answer: Introduction The report presented here to discuss a joint-stock organization or enterprise known as OKD, HBZS. The company OKD is the sole shareholder, and it is the parent company. OKD is in the Czech Republic and its the only company who produces hard coal. The primary role of the HBZS is to rescue the material and the employees that are working in a non-breathable and dangerous underground environment for example underwater. The service is for 24 hours a day, and its an emergency situation (AXELOS2016). Their permanent rescue teams are 26 in numbers and who are dedicated to the emergency call at the head office. The technical teams of HBZS are involved in various commercial tasks. Figure 1: HBZS and OKD (Source: Cyber Fox 2016) The company IT manager, Mr. Gurny, has adopted Six ITIL processes in the enterprise to ensure that the company should save both resources and time. But later there were new challenges that arise during the second phase of the business and solutions were made to ensure to overcome those challenges by implementing service catalog to simplify things for the organization. They have experienced that ITIL has played a critical role in their business by providing the clear understanding of the needs of the customers. The primary objective of this report is to understand the suggestion given by the hired IT consultant on ITIL integration in the company. The report analyzes the impact of ITIL in the business and to review IT Service Management at HBZS and provide them the right solution on ITIL (AXELOS2015). Moreover, the report describes the future direction of the ITSM at HBZS and provides a detailed understanding of IT service operation and transition and also understands the continuity se rvice improvement and service reporting process of ITIL and various recommendations are presented in this report. Ongoing Information Technology Service Management at HBZS After reviewing the first and second phase of the ITIL adoption by the HBZS Company, it has been found out that they have obtained SIX ITIL processes (AXELOS2016). The SIX ITIL processes they have adopted are Knowledge Management, Request Fulfillment, Event and Incident Management, Service Asset and Configuration Management and Change Management. These processes are mostly from Service Operation and Service Transition as we can see that in the below figure 2. The company has only selected some process from the Service Transition, which is development process and some process from the Service operation which is a supportive process. But in any ITSM implementation, a proper application is required in any organization or business (O'Connor et al. 2015). Here there was no process which was there to support the service catalog management; then the company decided to implement the service catalog. The best way to overcome such issues in future let us first understand that what are some additional needs that the company requires as far as ITIL is the concern and how they can improve it in future (Shahsavarani and Ji 2014). Figure 2: ITIL service processes (Source: Stanley2014, pp-65) The company needs to imply a Service design process in HBZS because whenever the company upper-level management is getting change, then they are having trouble to explain what exactly the role of IT in that business (Griffiths 2014). Let us understand that how Service catalog management will help HBZS in future on their produce service catalog. The principal object of service management is to make sure that service catalog that it has to create the service catalog and has to maintain it as well (Marroneet al. 2014). It contains the correct information about all the operation facilities and those things that are prepared to be run operationally. The service management provides critical data for all the SM (Service Management) process such as current status, service details and interdependencies of the services. The service catalog management will help HBZS to review the clear difference between the business service in the service catalog and the support service as shown in figure 3 wh ich describes the different tasks involves in service catalog management (Iden and Eikebrokk 2013). Figure 3: Service Catalogue Management (Source: Gama et al. 2013, pp-159) Whenever there is a request to modify the service description then the service catalog management processes the request to change the process to amend the service catalog which needs to update if there are any new services that are added to the organization or if there are any new service attributes which must be recorded. (Pea and Vicente 2013) So the company IT service catalog manager role is to update the service catalog and keep it updated if there is any service or service attribute is introduce. The HBZS Company requires Demand Management from the Service design process. The demand management refers to correctly planning method that is used to guess or predict the plan and manage the need for the services and products (Conger 2014). So if HBZS can include demand management, then they can predict as well as handle the future requirements of the request or required service. The provided case study state that the there was a huge demand of IT in the later years but due to lack of resources the requirements were not met. The company needs to include the Capacity management in the enterprise (Marrone et al. 2014). It refers to the process that has been used to manage IT (Information Technology). The major objective of the Capacity Management is that the information technology resources should be at the right size to meet the clients requirements in the cost effective manner. The major process they need to involve in the HBZS is the Problem Management. The Problem management refers to the process that is responsible for managing the problem lifecycle (Fan and Shen 2013). Now this process should be applied by any organization so that it can prevent the issues and any other incident from happening. It will help to sweep of the recurring events and to decrease the impact of the event which cannot be prevented. It maintains the data about the problems and the right workarounds and resolutions. So that it can help the business can decrease the impact and number of incidents over time. HBZS Company needs to integrate one more important process in their organization that is Continual Improvement process. By implementing this process in their business, they are giving high chances to their other ITIL process to development by keeping in mind about information technology for the future run (Winkler et al. 2013). This process provides an advantage that it provides us that extra effort for improving and enhancing the processes, services and products that the company provides. Moreover, the energy can be observed increment improvement in over time or breakthrough improvement of all time. It is important because the company has been affected by the sudden drop in price in coal and the parent company OKD was at a loss, so what it can do is that it can help the company to contribute to improving the process so that they can serve their parent company OKD in much better way. There IT demands will be met if in future and there the future issues and other aspects of the IT related matters can be easily handled if the company integrates the suggested ITIL processes in their organization (Iden and Eikebrokk 2015). Some best practices need to be followed by HBZS so that they can improve their Information technology service management and their process improvements. The Chief information officer must focus on the details of providing the best ITIL training to keep the customer happy. The role of ITIL service management is imperative in an organization that will help to understand the role and specific skills set of the employees in the company, not only will that it works with other process methodologies such as ISO 20000, six sigma, etc(Moraet al. 2014). Major Aspects of Information Technology Service Management ITSM has emerged as a most necessary component for benefiting an organization or business. However it was developed only to provide the backend support function, but it has evolved in some serious business major aspects (Yazici et al. 2015). The day to day improvements that is going on in ITSM has given the company to enhance their service performance as well. But advantages can come in different ways such as CSI, Strategy unification, and reduction of cost (Chen 2013). There is some significant aspect of ITSM that is listed below such as 1. Efficiency 2. Quality 3. Price 4. Focus on primary business 5. Agility 6. Compliance Latest Trends in ITSM Information technology evolved in relevance and scope from being the backbone of a service which has become essential to the availability and management of organizational services and the organization growth of almost all enterprise (Adiraju, 2012). ITSM should behave as a profit center it serves the purpose of internal business needs to provide the Information technology services at the high price which maximize the return on investment. The emergence of the information technology services as a major center of generating revenues in the need for the building of an IT strategy that provides the structure for integrating information technology with the organizational needs (Maryska and Novotny 2013). Discussion of Service Transition Process The transition phase of service has made a lot of issues that are operational in the other firms. It has been realized from the course knowledge that the discussion of the transition process is in HBZS place. The service transition process is required for making the entire systems better. The method is implemented to make the system as a whole be streamlined (Kowalkowskiet al. 2015). The ITIL Service Transition process is the aggregation of several processes that are considered to be before an organization. Such process includes Change Management, Evaluation of change, and Management of Project such as planning the transition and support, Development of application, Management of release and deployment, testing and validation of services, Management of service asset and configuration along with Knowledge Management (Kowalkowski et al. 2015). Figure 4: Understanding the Service Transition Process (Source: Hartmann et al. 2014, pp-180) The objective of Change Management is controlling all changes lifecycle. The primary goal of the change management is enabling the beneficial changes that are to be made having a minimum disruption of the services of IT (Hayes 2014). The evaluation of change has the objective of assessing the significant changes such as an introduction of new services along with changes that are substantial in the existing services before such changes are allowed for proceeding the life cycles next phase (Huang et al. 2014). The management of projects aim is planning and coordination of the resources for deploying the major release that is given in the cost of prediction, estimates of quality and time. The development of applications and the systems that provide the functionalities for IT service. The process makes the inclusion of the development and the maintenance of the requests of custom that makes the product customization from the vendor of the software. The management of deployment and release is planning, scheduling and controlling the release movements for the environments that are live. In such service transition process, the common goal is ensuring the live environments integrity that is protected where the components of correction are released (Banta et al. 2014). For ensuring the deployment of the versions, the services that are resulting meet the expectations of the customer for verifying the operations of the IT for supporting new service. The management of the service asset and configuration is maintaining information regarding the item of configuration that is required for delivering the service of IT that includes the relationships. Knowledge Management is gathering, analyzing, storing and sharing knowledge along with organizations information (Dalkir 2013). The purpose of such service transition process is improving the efficiency through the reduction of rediscovering the culture. The service transition makes sure that the changed service provides a satisfaction of the needs of the customers and the expectations of the business that is documented in the strategy of the service throughout the stages of service design. The stage of transition lifecycle has taken the care of the transition part that the organization has from one to another state that is the delivery of the service operation capabilities and improvement of continual service. The transition stages main aim is planning and managing the changes in an efficient manner for risks of time controlling and making a delivery of the knowledge in the case of support of decisions. The transition of service in ITIL makes a help and manage of the change of state in the life cycles service (Long 2012). In the case of managing the risk for the changed, new and retired services provides the protection for the environment of the product. It will make the help delivering the value of business for its customers. Figure 5: Service Transition Process flow (Source: Nabais et al. 2014, pp-5) During the transition service, the supports that an organization need are the strategy of the service, process, people, technology, a culture of the organization, service suppliers along with risk and governance. In the case of employment of transitioning, the planning for focus on communication is there for building the compliance and awareness. It has been seen that normally people has the need in the psychological level for feeling safe and comfortable with the changes that are around them. The primary goals of transition of service are managing and planning the resources and capacity that are needed for the developing, testing, packaging and sent the release into the production (Verlaine et al. 2014). For making a proper interrelation among the other ITIL process and the process of HBSZ, a provision of a consistent and rigorous framework will be there for the evaluation of the capability of service and the profile of risk that is the service that is released. The establishment and maintenance of the integrity of the identified assets and service are there for making such interrelations. It is also to provide a high quality knowledge and information for expediting the decisions that are useful for the promotion of the release. It is also providing the efficient build that is repeatable where the mechanisms of installations are there for the deployment of the versions for testing and production purpose. To make a proper interrelation between the ITIL and the other processes, it should be ensured that the service should be on the level of management (Mora et al. 2015). It will be there in case of operation and will be supported by the design of duty. There should be an alignment of the changed and new service in the event of the requirements of the organization and the operations of the business. Ensuring that the users and customers will make the usage of modified service in the way where the maximization of the valued of the organizational operations will be done. It will be nothing but the managing and planning of the resources where the transitions will come in the cost, quality and time. It will be ensuring the impact that is small for the current service. Value of ITIL Service Transition Process The value of the ITIL processes towards an organization of the transition of service makes a creation of the value regarding the business through improving the ability for adapting quickly for the requirement that is new. The rate of success of the changes also makes an improvement of the overall business process (Kralik et al. 2015). The market value can be improved through the level service predictions and the warranties for the services that are new and changed. It comes through the confidence in the compliance degree with the requirements of the organization during the modification. There will be the clarity of plans so that business will have the link for the modification of the team for transitioning of the plans. The scope service transition has the inclusion of the management and the coordination of the process, functions, and systems for packaging, building, testing and deployment of the production release and establishment of the service that is specified in case of the requirements of the stakeholder and customer. In such situations, some activities should be excluded from the transition service scope with the best practices. It includes the modifications in minor level for the production facilities and the environment for the replacement of a failed PC. The exclusion should also involve the service improvements that are ongoing so that it will significantly make an impact of the facilities for the capability for delivering the services where the fulfillment will be driven by the operations of the service (Suhairi and Gaol 2013). Normally, the organizations have the ability for providing the service of quality or the rest of the process to a significant extent in the capacity for responding the circumstances. For enabling to happen, the involvement should have the understanding regarding the situation. In such cases, the relevance and the quality of the knowledge takes rest in turn on the quality, accessibility and the relevance of the underpinning of the data and the available information. The primary need for making such interrelations is to reduce the need for rediscovering of the knowledge. It can be done through enabling the provider of the service for being more efficient and improving the quality of the service along with the reduced costs and increased satisfaction level. Understanding of IT Service Operation The most important process in the Service lifecycle because it is a process where the customer can know more about the company, and they can interact with us, and they can know how good we are in our services (Jntti and Rout 2013). We can say its the heartbeat of an entire Service Lifecycle. There are various benefits of Service Operation when implemented in an organization, in this case, HBZS. The benefits that can be obtained by implementing Service Operation are mentioned below. They are: 1. Cost effective - The ITIL does prove its value to decrease the overall price of the managing the service. 2. Enhancement in Quality - It does help to enhance the quality of the Information technology services through the best management practices. 3. Scalability - It can be integrated into any organization irrespective of the size. 4. Standards alignment - It is well aligned to the ISO certification 20000 for service management. 5. ROI (Return on Investment) - It provides the help to an organization showcase their return on investment and measured value to the enterprise. 6. Sourcing Partnership - It often include multiple suppliers such as outsourcing which is a basic requirement in most of the companies, and ITIL does practice such activities among various organizations. The main role of the ITIL service operation is to ensure that the IT services are efficiently and effectively delivered. Now this includes fixing problems, solving the service related failures and meeting the clients requests and also carry out the regular operational works (Eikebrokk and Iden2015). The main objective of Service Operation is to coordinate and carry out the methods and processes needed to deliver and maintain the services at an agreed level to an organization users and clients. It is completely responsible for present management of the technology that is used to support and deliver the services. The below Service operation figure 4 explains that where it stands in entire ITIL process (Verlaineet al. 2015). HBZS has selected some of the processes from service operation to fulfill their organization's needs such as Request Fulfillment, Event Management, and Incident Management. The HBZS Company has selected request fulfillment to ensure that they can address service requests and fulfill them which mostly related to minor changes such as password change or requesting to provide data or information. The event management is preferred by the company which keeps an eye on all the activities or events that occur because of the Information technology infrastructure. The incident management has been preferred by the HBZS Company to ensure that there are no issues with the Service operation as it can restore normal service operation quickly so that it cannot reduce the impact on organizational operations so that the availability and quality are maintained in the company. Key points of Service operation Some key points need to be observed and reviewed by any organization that has implemented or going to integrate Service Operation (Manzanoet al.2015). These key points are significant and must be reconsidered. They are: 1. It includes four functions and five processes. 2. It deals with the support and day-to-day operations that are used to provide services. 3. It is the process where all the transition and design plans are measured and executed. 4. As per the client viewpoint, it is the only process where the actual value is seen. Figure 6: Service Operation Lifecycle Stage in ITIL (Source: Vicente et al. 2013, pp-150) Service Operation Functions Processes There is total of five processes and four functions as discussed above now let us see what those five processes are and let us also check the three methods in detail which was integrated by HBZS in their organization (Slack 2015). Here the HBZS Company has incorporated three processes which are highlighted in the below table S.No Process Kind of Process 1 Event Management It deals to make sure that the Continues Improvements are in observation constantly, and its also categories and filter the events to decide the right action. 2 Incident Management It deals to restore the service to the old stage as quickly as possible. 3 Request Fulfillment It deals with handling the requests such as creating email id, new users and changing a password. 4 Access Management It deals with the authorization of the user or client to use the service. 5 Problem Management It deals to find the primary cause of the issue and make sure that the incident does not occur again. Table 1: Five Service Operation Process (Source: Mesquida and Mas2015, pp-85) Let us now review the function aspects of Service Operation process as per the figure 5. In these four functional aspects of Service Operation, the company is rather focused on outsourcing the Service Desk. So let us discuss in detail what the Service Desk is all about and their benefits and impacts on HBZS Company. Due to the coal crisis, the company is planning to outsource the IT department. So the biggest challenge for HBZS is to showcase the Value of IT to the business (Sampson 2012). To do so, they need to make sure that their IT staff gets more time to involve in strategic operations and ideas to generate revenues rather than fighting with the support files. So it is a better option to outsource the IT Service Desk so that their in-house IT team can get more time to think about the about to points mentioned that are strategic operations and revenue generation ideas. Figure 7: Different Process of Service Operation (Source: Zhao et al. 2013, pp-821) The Service Desk is a contact point for the users or the clients on the service that has been providing. It plays a critical role in the customer satisfaction, and it works like a bridge between the IT service providers and the end users (Silva da Conceicao et al. 2014). There are four kinds of Service Desks. They are: 1. Specialized Service Desk - It has skilled and dedicated staff members to support specific queries made by the client or end users. 2. Central Service Desk - It has only single Service Desk done for the customer or end users. 3. Virtual Service Desk The outcome of this Service Desk is fast, but it cost much. 4. Distributed or Local Service Desk - It is much closer to the clients, but its costly and not easy to manage. Figure 8: ITSM Types of Service Desk (Source: Zhao et al. 2013, pp-824) Understanding the Outsource Option for Service Desk Let us understanding how important is outsourcing the Service Desk option is and its impact on the business. Nowadays services and technologies that take forward the efficiency and the decrease time to market have made the Information Technology business or organization into a great strategic asset of real value. As far as the outcome is concerned, the optimization and operation of the Service Desk to completely support these technologies has reached the heights into a huge business imperative (Fenneret al. 2015). A well run IT business is due to the proper utilization of the Service Desk which works as a functional bridge that fills the gap between the business and the IT by allowing for the communication of metrics and critical data. Therefore, if HBZS Company can quickly optimize the Service Desk, then they can quickly maximize value which can be realized. But many companies are lagging in this aspect and suffering from various business losses. So to fulfill or to overcome this issues the only solution is to outsource the Service Desk to any other organization and partner with them to handle all your IT support tasks (Rahman et al. 2014). Many big companies do outsource their IT support job to other businesses so that their In-house time can concentrate on other business aspects such as Service strategies or strategic operations Mostly clients or end user gets frustrated because of poor technical support in a company. When customers from SMB have queries, the first thing they know is to contact the customer support. But mainly what happens is that most of the companies do lack good support desks because there might be various reasons mostly related to the budget (Rahman 2016). Now to overcome these issues is to outsource the Service Desk. If HBZS outsource their Service Desk to other company, then their in-house IT staff will have more time to concentrate on the business aspects such as operations or strategies etc. There are several benefits that HBZS can have if they outsource their Service Desk. The benefits are mentioned below: 1. Outsourcing the Service Desk to another company allow their industry experience to manage the HBZS needs. 4. It will be less costly than hiring a full-time employee. 3. The response time will be much higher. 4. The in-house team might not have enough experience to provide a satisfactory level of performance to meet the customers need but the outsource company have hired professionals who are experts in doing such tasks (Grafet al. 2013). 5. Many outsourcing organizations works 24 X 7 that will increase the support availability time and which can gain the trust of the end users. CSI and Business-IT Alignment This section provides us a detail explanation about the sophisticated understanding of CSI and Service reporting on HBZS. The major aspect of integrating the CSI which is known as Continual Service Improvement is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of processes and services. It uses some methodologies for quality management to learn from the past failures and success (El Mekawyet al.2014). As said earlier that it does look to improve the processes and services quality and moreover with a concept that CI adopted in ISO 20000. Figure 9: Continual Service Improvement (Source: Shrestha et al. 2013, pp-315) Overview of Continual Service Improvement CSI (Continual Service Improvement) is a metrics-driven method to recognize opportunities for enhancement and to measure the impact of enhancement or improvement efforts. It can be more efficient if this is integrated or implemented throughout the lifecycle, developing a culture of CI (Continual Improvement). The primary job of CSI to identify and monitor the metrics out of the thousand those are regularly prepared. To ensure that the service or process is a success we need to include the Critical success factor (Probst et al. 2013). Based on some research done by experts it has been suggested each service or process is identified with not more than five Critical Success Factors. W. Edward Deming developed an approach for CSI for any organization they are: 1. What is the company vision? What is the business objective for the long run? 2. Where is the company now stands? What are the present values of KPIs? 3. Where does the company wants to be? What are the expected KPI values? 4. How to get there? What is the proper plan? 5. Did the company get there? Do the KPI values do meet the objectives after implementation? 6. How to keep up the momentum? Lets start again. Note: Here KPI refers to Key Performance indicator. There are some major goals of CSI (Continual Service Improvement) such as a) Analyze and review and provide suggestion on enhancing the opportunities in individual lifecycle stage (Mesquida et al. 2012). 1. Analyze and evaluate the Service Level goals outcomes. 2. Implement and identify each activity to improve Information technology service quality and strengthening the effectiveness and efficiency of enabling IT service management processes. 3. To improve the cost-effectiveness to deliver IT service without comprising with the clients or users satisfaction. 4. The continual improvements activities are supported by the quality management procedure. There are there major scopes areas that Continual Service Improvement needs to locate. They are: 1. IT service management overall health as a discipline. 2. The continual alignment of the IT service portfolio with the present and future organizational requirements (Tang 2014). 3. The ending period of the enabled Information technology processes for individual service in a CS lifecycle model. Overview of Service Reporting The ITIL process implementation has given lots of specific benefits to HBZS, but when it comes to Service Reporting they were happy that they are sending regular reports to their upper managements, and the CFO of the organization was pretty satisfied with the regular updates, they were receiving. Now they feel that that the biggest challenge is sending report is straightforward and easy, but the process takes more time. To simplify things the author (IT consultant) thinks that they need to implement the Service Reporting process which is one of the processes in continual service management (Wu et al. 2013). The service reporting process will report on the outputs that are achieved both strategically and operationally. HBZS should seriously consider of integrating the service reporting process as it will provide various benefits to the organization. The purpose of the Service reporting is to give information to both business and IT to make an informed decision. Future Extension of Service Reporting HBZS thinks that the reporting process is consuming more time. But the question that stills stands how to solve this time-consuming process without affecting the company business aspects. Now here in the case of HBZS, most of the service management reporting should be done or controlled by the Service Desk Manager. So the suggestion is given to them that if they outsource the Service Desk to another company, it will provide a huge relief to other in-house IT staffs and in this case, it is the same, the service reporting should be controlled and maintained by the Service, desk manager. So, in this instance, the burden of putting the time and effort for the controlling and managing the report is over if it has been outsourced to another company. The reports considering a specific service management processes which can be allocated to managers of these operations and who may then deal with their creation to subordinates. A simple table can be maintained for the data that has been collec ted: 1. Who is responsible for report creation? 2. What client is it for? 3. To whom she or he delivers it? 4. Time (Weekly, Monthly) 5. How it is created and where the report is defined? Business-IT partnership at all levels Being an IT consultant there are some suggestions the author can be given for moving forward with the business and IT organization at every level such as: Be clear with your in-house skills; providing the right and necessary skills to the business will always help in maintaining a good future between HBZS and OKD. Proper communication is always the best answer to all the issues that arises between the Business-IT partnerships. If HBZS can have a proper and effective communication, then there are many chances that it can be a long run partner with OKD. It is also important that the parent business should have properly communication with HBZS and takes advantages of their services they provided (De Haes and Van Grembergen 2015). There are some best practices for ITSM and ITIL that needs to be followed by HBZS. It is important to establish a training program for IT service management to review the role of the people in the organization and their skills. Tools such as: 1. Plan-Do-Check-Act 2. Communication 3. Taking up V3 certification 4. Range of ITIL tools and methods that will add value to the organization and ITIL training Recommendations to the IT Manager Mr. Gurny Some suggestions have been mentioned below for the company IT manager Mr. Gurny to sustain their business relationship and provide a better and quality service to the parent company OKD. The suggestions are made upon the provided case study and the specific topics that are there in the document. As being the part of the organization and an IT consultant of HBZS the recommendation or suggestions are as follows: The suggested ITIL processes need to be integratedcorrectly in the HBZS organization to provide much quality service. The processes such as Continual Service Improvement are critical, and they need to be installed with proper attention for future betterments. The best practices tools and techniques need to be integrated such as ITSM training program etc. to provide enough knowledge to the IT staffs. The Service Desk needs to be outsourced so that the IT in-house team does have lots of time to focusing on business strategy operation and increasing revenue. HBZS needs to concentrate on obtaining the ISO 20000 certification to leverage the advantages of it. It will help the parent business OKD to generate trust on HBZS services and products. Prepare a proper roadmap and increase the ITIL expertise in HBZS. To ensure that the ITIL sub processes proceeds smoothly in HBZS it needs to have an SIP (Service Improvement Plan). The HBZS company high level management or executives need to endorse frequently the ITIL initiatives to achieve success. Using software tools, ITIL software can provide significant assistance in the task such as monitoring Information technology for the purpose of change management, developing the database, compliance tracking with HBZS SIP (Service Improvement Plan). Conclusion The report presented here discuss various aspects of ITIL on HBZS Company and the author as IT consultant describe the current scenario of the company on IT service management. A clear introduction about the HBZS has been provided in the report. The company itself has included various ITIL process in the organization to enhance the IT delivery services to their parent company OKD which deals with hard coal and the only producer in the Czech Republic. The document here describes that how the process has left their impact on the company and how can we improve the IT process to sustain the business partnership with the parent company. The IT consultant has provided some concern processes that need to be implemented in the company for the betterment of HBZS IT department in future. The organization itself needs to monitor and review the processes that are already implemented or the processes that are suggested to be applied in the organization for the future enhancement. The IT consultant has provided an overview of Service reporting that is crucial for any organization and also discussed the Service Desk outsourcing and its benefits on HBZS. Service transitions process has been described in detail and discussion were made by keeping HBZS in mind. Moreover, a detailed analysis was made based on the Service Transition and the links with other processes in the company. The service operation is discussed as well so that to have a clear and proper understanding of this process on HBZS. The company itself has faced some critical new challenges after the implementation of ITIL, and some different recommendation or suggestions were suggested in this report to overcome such challenges in future. Best practices for ITIL and ITSM has been recommended to ensure that the company is not much affected by any future crisis on the parent corporation OKD. References Adiraju, S.K., 2012, December. 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EFQ_TIL: Relationship Model between ITIL and EFQM to Assure Service Quality in IT Processes. In Information Systems Development (pp. 279-291). Springer New York. Probst, J., Case, G. and Elephant, P., 2013. Integrating Six Sigma and ITIL for continual service improvement. Rahman, M.I., 2016. New perspectives on design and delivery: The context of service desk. Rahman, M.I., Alarifi, A., Eden, R. and Sedera, D., 2014. Archival analysis of service desk research: New perspectives on design and delivery. Sampson, S.E., 2012. Visualizing service operations. Journal of Service Research, p.1094670511435541. Shahsavarani, N. and Ji, S., 2014. Research in Information Technology Service Management (ITSM)(20002010): An Overview. International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector (IJISSS), 6(4), pp.73-91. Shrestha, A., Cater-Steel, A., Toleman, M. and Tan, W.G., 2013. A decision support tool to define scope in IT service management process assessment and improvement. 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The Effects of Technology on Humans Social Media

Introduction and History Social media refers to all the internet sites that are used for non-official interactions. There are various forms of social media depending on the name of the site and the kind of interaction it supports. Facebook, Skype, Twitter and Badoo are some of the commonly used social media forms (Gentle 2012 p. 34).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Effects of Technology on Humans: Social Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to differentiate between social media and other forms of interactive media, one can look at the kind of language used; for social media there is no official language or professional language to be used. The various forms of social media have their own different origins although all of them began with two friends trying to contact each other over the internet which led to the creation of a site in which they later added their friends (Watts 2009 p. 57) Uses of Social Media and Why People Use Social Media Social media permits interaction with fewer rules unlike other forms of media. People do not like following rules and it is the reason they are attracted to social media more than other forms of media. It also facilitates free sharing of ideas, life issues and other forms of communication between two or more friends who are far from each other (Shirky 2008 p. 42). Cost is another important factor people consider when choosing a medium of communication. Most social media sites have cheap and attractive rates compared to other forms of media hence people prefer to use them. Flexibility of social media is a great aspect that makes it easy to use since it is accessible any time (Van Dijik 2013 p. 31). Today you can communicate with a friend who is miles away from the comfort of your living room using your smartphone. Friends use social media to catch up on chat sites. Social media provides a platform to advertise events, invite friends and family for functions, hold discussions on various life matters without people having to meet physically and even transact business which attracts a huge number of customers (Watts 2009). Who Uses Social Media and How Social media is commonly used by young people. Research shows that as one gets old their attention draws away from social media. The following table shows the various age brackets and their corresponding percentages of time on social media. The information is obtained from various surveys and researches conducted by scholars interested in social media. Mostly social media is used for unlimited interaction among people (Shirky 2008 p. 98). Age bracket Percentage of daily time spent on social media 13-19 years 75% 20-26 years 52% 27-40 year 34% 41-70years 5% 70- 120 years 0.0001% Advantages of Social media It is less costly as compared to other forms of communication. An example is putting up a funeral announcement on broadcast media costs a lot of money for a two minute announcement on radio and one will be required to shorten the message which may lead to distortion of the message. On the other hand, you just need to purchase internet bundles to access social media and post your announcement (Van Dijik 2013 p. 78).Advertising Looking for assessment on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fewer procedures are used in social media making it flexible unlike other forms of media. It can be accessed from any part of the world with good network coverage. Sharing professional ideas over social media facilitates career development. It also enhances time saving since people do not have to meet physically to communicate (Gentle 2012 p. 46). Disadvantages of Social Media Social media is addictive and people end up spending several hours on social media. It also allows children to access immoral material like pornographic sites which lead to indecent societal norms. It takes away the soc ial life of an individual as it becomes hard to talk to people face to face once one is used to doing it over social media. Furthermore, the cost of using social media may seem low but the cumulative use of social sites is expensive in the long run. More so, the social media is a hunting ground for perverts such as paedophiles and cyber swindlers (Watts 2009 p. 67). My Opinion In my opinion using social media in a controlled way is right. One should avoid viewing sites that may lead to their moral decay. It is also not wrong to use social media when one is free but it is wrong to abandon your duties so as to have a glimpse of your favourite sites. I recommend that people use social media in the right way and at the right time. Conclusion It is evident from the analysis in the article that social media has taken root in our society and it has both positive impacts and negative impacts on one’s lives. One should ensure they benefit more from using social media and reduce the ne gative impacts. Thus, the best ways of using social media should be adopted if we want to reap most of its benefits. Works Cited Gentle, Anne. Conversation and Community: The Social Web for  Documentation.  Laguna Hills, CA: XML Press, 2012. Print Shirky, Clay.  Here Comes Everybody. New York, NY: Penguin Press, 2008. Print.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Effects of Technology on Humans: Social Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Van Dijik, Jose. The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print. Watts, Duncan. Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age. London, UK: Vintage, 2009. Print. This assessment on The Effects of Technology on Humans: Social Media was written and submitted by user Kali F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

confidence essays

confidence essays Over time peoples feelings about themselves and others change. They may feel strong and indestructible one minute than something could change the way they feel. A certain event could change ones self confidence. People become different when they are exposed to a certain situation. They can also take a 180 degree turnaround and become a totally new person. In Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage the main character changes from a coward in the beginning to a stronger courageous character at the end of the novel. Henry Fleming is a young naive boy. He is not sure what to expect when he goes to war. He has a conversation with the other soldiers in his regiment. They think that some of the soldiers will run during a battle. Henry has a strange feeling that he may be the one to run when the time comes. He decides to bring up the topic during a conversation with another soldier by saying Think any of the boys will run?. Another soldier responds Oh there may be a few ofem, but theres them kind in every regiment, specially when they first goes under fire(17). Henry is afraid now after hearing what the soldier had to say. Henry is confused about war. One critic notes about Henrys feelings: Henry felt proud and daring when he left home to go to war, but now he wonders how he will do when confronted with the reality of battle (Napierkowski 255). Henrys feelings about war are false. He has never been exposed to war before but now he will and is not really sure what to expect. When Henry first goes to battle he is relieved when the rebels retreat. But when they turn back and start firing Henry loses his cool. He panics. He yelled with fright and swung about...he was like a proverbial chicken. He lost the direction of safety(52). Henry has lost all sense of direction and is very scared. He has no idea of where to ru...

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing - Essay Example remains a general consensus that the real credit for the evolution and practical implementation of APN History of Advanced Practice Nurse goes to the American Civil War 1861. That was when the APN implementation began processing and started developing (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). However, CRNA did not get introduced easily and the process did not go smooth because certain barriers regarding legislation cropped up during the early 1900’s. The nursing staff everywhere was not easily granted rights to administer anesthesia because such rights were questioned by the medical profession. People in the medical profession objected on grounds that the concept of nurses administering anesthesia would imply that they are practicing out of their scope which would not present a very nice image (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). Therefore, legislation in Kentucky (Frank VS South) nurses needed to be licensed to administer anesthesia. With time, things started developing and in 1931 foundation for the A merican Association of Nurse Anesthetist (AANA) was laid and 1945 the mandatory certification for CNRA’s got established which changed circumstances phenomenally (Ray, 2005). Other factors also assisted in the development like there were no professional nurses at that time and catholic sisters served as nurses. Also during the 20th century, the increase in immigration and trends toward industrialization and urbanization contributed significantly in refining the image of APN role in the healthcare system with the result that other nursing specialties emerged. The approach of the Nurse Practitioner was such that primary care was provided to the poverty stricken immigrants during World War II so that more worthwhile opportunities got revealed to benefit NP (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). This approach proved to be effective as when physicians had too much on their plates and were too busy to care for all the wounded, the NPs were granted the right to go beyond the realm of caring and handle other

Compare and contrast the theories of Karl Marx (the class motive) and Essay

Compare and contrast the theories of Karl Marx (the class motive) and John Stuart Mill (the happiness motive) with reference to the issue of oppression in moder - Essay Example hasized in both Marx, and Mill, but whereas Marx sees the political motives of the individual to be class-based rejection of capitalism, Mills sees the happiness of the individual as more important than political or social oppression. Each of these theorists have contributed towards twentieth century political influence, with both socialists and libertarians using these works as cornerstones of activism and individual beliefs. Marx’s supporters tend to believe in community support, with individual needs oppressed in favor of the society; Mill’s theories are concerned with the right of pursuit of individual happiness, against the demands of a society for conformity and participation in accepted beliefs. Marx’s theory of the individual was heavily influenced by the work of Hegel, who was influential in turning the concentration of philosophers from institutions to the individual. Hegel saw society as the individual having subjective encounters â€Å" With the Material World† (Schleuning, webpage). While Hegel sees the material world as essential to developing the individual; property and ownership are crucial. ‘Ownership’ in this sense is not purchasing, but creation of material through work: creative self-expression. Marx sees the individual worker being divided from his former ownership of the items which he makes, affecting his consciousness (Ritts, 153). â€Å"The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production† (Marx, page 191). This is the ‘tyranny of the minority’, or the smaller bourgeois class, over the much larger, working-class majority. Ritts sees this as Social Darwinism, with the fitness not suitability for survival, but personal fortune (Ritts, 153) The individual worker’s life inside an industrial society is, according to Marx, very precarious, and this is one of the causes of conflict between the individual and the bourgeois owners. Marx’s

Design a summer camp Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design a summer camp - Research Paper Example Following are the activities mentioned for every age group based upon the stages of psychological development. As during this stage children are developing a sense of trust so it is the responsibility of the caregivers especially the mother to treat the infant with loving and warmth feeling and build the sense of trust in the child (About.com, 2010). Lack of reliability and care would lead to mistrust and a feeling of worthlessness. As a huge emphasis is given upon visual contact and touch so the best activity for a 18 month infant would be â€Å"Stacking toys and playing with the infant with that toys.† As the caregiver would be playing along with the child this would help to creative a feeling of affection and would built trust between you and the child (Harder, 2009). During this period of time the child is at the beginning of learning stage as he or she starts going to school and it is the time when the child enters the real world on his own. The child is confronted to begin taking actions and has to carry them out. The child starts copying the adults during this stage. They make up stories and starts exploring the word â€Å"WHY.† (Harder, 2009) Therefore it is important for the parents and family to praise their activities and actions which would build a confidence in them. In contrast the child who fails to complete their tasks and is not motivated too leads them to a feeling of guilt in them which lowers their self esteem (Navid, 2009). The best activity for this stage should be â€Å"Kitchen Play† in which the kitchen utensils and a small built in kitchenette would be provided to the children and they would play in groups and they would cook and serve the imaginative food to you and it’s the adult’s responsibilit y to appreciate and praise them so in this activity the children would know the importance of team work and they would have a sense of purpose (About.com, 2010). It is the stage when the child is in preschool and is involved

The Scarlet Letter | Character Analysis

The Scarlet Letter | Character Analysis Dimmesdale is the main male character in the world famous novel The Scarlet Letter, which is the masterpiece of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Although Dimmesdale commits adultery, it is not until the final part of the novel that he confesses his crime. From the time he commits adultery to the time he confesses his crime, everyday, he is tortured mentally. The conflicts of superego and id are best manifested in Dimmesdale. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the psychological situation of Arthur Dimmesdale based on Freuds psychological theory, especially the theory of id, ego and superego. Illustration of Id, Ego and Superego Freud is a famous psychologist, whose theory of psychology is a great contribution to the analysis of literature.  [1]  According to Freud, the mental processes can be assigned to three psychic zones: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id as defined by Freud is identical in many respects to the Devil as defined by theologians. Consequently, it is can be seen from this definition that the id is as dark as Devil. It is the dark aspect of human nature that cannot be touched by others. What is the id? Id, in short, is what people want. It is peoples desire of all kinds-desire for power, for sex, for amusement, for good. But this is only one aspect of id. Every one wants these things. There is no one in the world who does not want power, sex or amusement. So it can be said that id is in the human nature. Another aspect of id is that it is characterized by a tremendous and amorphous order. Its order is to satisfy its desire, without an eye to the consequences. In other words, id is lawless, asocial and amoral. Its function is to gratify our instincts for pleasure without regard for social conventions, legal rules, or moral restraint.  [2]  If one only wants to satisfy his or her impulses for pleasures, disregardi ng social rules and moral criteria, he or she will come to his or her self-deconstruction or do harm to other people, even the society. As it is stated above, id has dangerous potentialities. Consequently, there must be something that can prevent the id from doing dangerous things. In the book: A handbook of Critical Approaches in Literature, which is written by John K. Willingham, it is written that in view of the ids dangerous potentialities, it is necessary that other psychic agencies protect the individual and society. The first of these regulating agencies which protects the individual is the ego. This is the rational governing agent of the psyche. It regulates the instinctual drives of the id so that they may be releases in nondestructive behavioral patterns. In popular language, we may say that the ego stands for reason and circumspection, while the id stands for the untamed passions. Whereas the id is governed solely by the pleasure principle, the ego is governed by the reality principle.  [3]  While id is the dark aspect of human beings personality, ego is the rational, logical, waking part of the wind. As above has mentioned, ego is one of these regulating agencies that protect the individual and society, there is another psychic agency, superego. While ego is the rational, logical, waking part of the mind of each person, superego is the cultural taboos, such as social rules and moral criteria. In the book, A handbook of Critical Approaches in Literature, John K. Willingham also mentions that: The superego serves to repress or inhibit the drives of the id, to block off and thrust back into the unconscious those impulses toward pleasure that society regards as unacceptable, such as overt aggression, sexual passions, and the Oedipal instinct. Freud attributes the development of the superego to the parental influence that manifests itself in terms of punishment for what society considers being bad behavior and reward for what society considers good behavior. An overactive superego creates an unconscious sense of guilt  [4]  . If one only follows social taboos and neglects his or h er own feeling and desire, probably he or she becomes a machine which is runned by rules. Thus, the superego is in direct opposition to the id. The superego determines which desire the id contains can be fulfilled. And the ego, or the conscious self that experience the external world through the senses, between id and superego, and all three are defined by their relationship; no acts independently of the others; a change in one always involves changes in the other two. Then if can be concluded that the ego is the balance between the id and the superego. In this way, the ego is, to a large degree, the product of conflicts between what the society says we cannot have and what we want to have. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢. Historical Background As superego is what the society says, historical background must be introduced so that a better understanding of the mental struggle of Dimmesdale can be achieved. Puritans came to New England to practice their religion, which is their chief incentive when they came to the new world. In this new world, they established a small civilized community out of the wilderness. At the beginning, they had to fight against nature; here the nature refers to the environment that had not been intruded by human being, in order to live. But later, they combated human naturesuppressing natural joys and pleasure, negating all passion, which they considered as wilderness. Puritans pretended that their own civilization had not and should not have any of the elements of the wilderness in it. They are, in fact, the enemies of nature and pretend to embody everything that is the opposite of the wilderness and nature. They focus on society and civilization extremely. All that they embrace is part of civiliza tion: the church, religious education, intellect rather than emotion; rigid forms and rules rather than freedom.  [5]  Because Puritans believe that God will punish the whole community if only one member of the community did bad behavior. So that is why Puritans are so aggressive in punishing moral infraction. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ £. Conflicts manifested in Dimmesdale As has mentioned above, the id is peoples desire of all kinds, such as the sexual desire, passion and ambition. All these three are possessed by Dimmesdale. Although these are in the nature of human being, they are considered as wilderness and suppressed by the Puritans society. Dimmesdale, in the eyes of local governors, his colleagues and the country members, is a holy minister. But first of all, he is a human being and a healthy young man, thus he possesses sexual desire, passion and ambition which is suppressed by the society. Dimmesdale is in a dilemma, on one hand, his id orders him to fulfill his pleasure, disregarding the social rules and moral criteria; on the other hand, his consciousness, reason and morality prevents him from doing bad things. Consequently, Dimmesdale is always in conflicts which can be explained by many examples in the novel. As stated above, the id is our desire of all kind such as sexual desire, which is in the nature of human being. But the sexual passion is repressed by the superego. The scarlet letter A stands for adultery, which is the result from sexual passion of Hester and Dimmesdale. Thus, Dimmesdale does have. In order to satisfy his sexual desire, he slept with a woman who is already married to someone else. As it is said before, the Puritan society established cruel punishment for these who had committed crime and the punishment for adultery in that time was death sentence. If a woman commits adultery, one can easily see from her physical form. For example, people can easily see that Hester has slept with other man because of the absence of her husband, in that she gave birth to a child. Consequently, she is punished by the society. Dimmesdale is a man, one can not tell whether he has committed adultery or not from his physical form. But does this mean that he is free from the social laws? No . Superego manifests itself in punishment. Also, an overactive superego creates guilty feeling. Although Dimmesdale by concealing his secret isnt punished, everyday he is tortured by his guilty feeling. The guilty feeling manifests itself in the physical decline of Dimmesdale: His form grew emaciated; his voice, though still rich and sweet, had a certain melancholy prophecy of decay in it; he was often observed, on any slight alarm or other sudden accident, to put his hand over his heart with first a flush and then a paleness, indicative of pain.  [6]  In Hawthornes point of view: evil educated. The adultery committed by Dimmesdale is evil, because it not only breaks the law but also the moral ethics. Dimmesdale learns from the evil. And afterwards he obeys social rules. This can be explained by one example, that is when he returns from the forest where he and Hester held a long talk, he meets the youngest sister of them all. It was a maiden newly-won-and won by the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdales own sermon, on the Sabbath after his vigil-to barter the transitory pleasures of the world for the heavenly hope that was to assume brighter substance as life grew dark around her, and which would gild the utter gloom with final glory. She was fair and pure as a lily that had bloomed in Paradise. The minister knew well that he was himself enshrined within the stainless sanctity of her heart, which hung its snowy curtains about his image, imparting to religion the warmth of love, and to love a religious purity. Satan, that afternoon, had surely led the poor young girl away from her mothers side, and thrown her into the pathway of this sorely tempted, or-shall we not rather say?-this lost and desperate man. As she drew nigh, the arch-fiend whispered him to condense into small compass, and drop into her tender bosom a germ of evil that would be sure to blossom darkly soon, and bear black fruit betimes.  [7]  He wants to take advantage of her to satisfy his sexual desir e, but the consciousness, the ego, stops him from doing wrong thing again. Then the result is that: So-with a mightier struggle than he had yet sustained-he held his Geneva cloak before his face, and hurried onward, making no sign of recognition, and leaving the young sister to digest his rudeness as she might.  [8]  This example can best explain that Dimmesdale learns from his misdoing and now he can balance the id and superego better. While superego is one of the psychic agencies that can repress or inhibit the drives of the id, such as sexual desire, if one only follows social rules, he might become something that is unnatural. For example, Dimmesdale leads the community to think that he is too pure to consider a sexual union even in marriage by refusing others suggestion that he should get married for the sake of his health. While he represses his sexual passion and pretends to be saintly, he attempts to confess the truth of his passionate nature as well as his act, of course in comfortably safe and general terms. At the same time, he also attempts to confess his evil. And this can be seen in his midnight vigil. He stands on the scaffold, and speaks out the secret which he dare not say in the broad daylight. Dimmesdale not only possesses sexual passion, but also the passion of another kind, anger. Dimmesdale, a pale and passive minister in others eyes, possesses anger, which is a decided part of his basic nature, which is the id of Dimmesdale. But it is not like sexual passion which he suppresses and refuses to acknowledge to the rest of the community, Dimmesdale loses his temper twice in the novel. The first time he loses his temper in when Chillingworth asks him to confess his secret to him, but Dimmesdale refuses and walks out of the room. And the old physician observes: But see, now, how passion takes hold upon this man, and hurrieth him out of himself! As with one passion so with another. He hath done a wild thing ere now, this pious Master Dimmesdale, in the hot passion of his heart.  [9]   Another example is when in the forest, Hester tells Dimmesdale the identity of Chillingworth, Dimmesdales fury is described as the violence of passion.  [10]   Ambition The id refers not only to sexual desire and passion, but also ambition, which is also, lies in human being. Ambition, on one hand, is the content of the id, which is the nature of human being; on the other hand, it relates to the society, relates to what the society thinks and says. Dimmesdale, as described in the novel, is young clergyman, who had come from one of the great English universities, bringing all the learning of the age into our wild forest land. His eloquence and religious fervour had already given the earnest of high eminence in his profession. He was a person of very striking aspect, with a white, lofty, and impending brow; large, brown, melancholy eyes, and a mouth which, unless when he forcibly compressed it, was apt to be tremulous, expressing both nervous sensibility and a vast power of self restraint. Notwithstanding his high native gifts and scholar-like attainments, there was an air about this young minister-an apprehensive, a startled, a half-frightened look-a s of a being who felt himself quite astray, and at a loss in the pathway of human existence, and could only be at ease in some seclusion of his own. Therefore, so far as his duties would permit, he trod in the shadowy by-paths, and thus kept himself simple and childlike, coming forth, when occasion was, with a freshness, and fragrance, and dewy purity of thought, which, as many people said, affected them like tile speech of an angel.  [11]  He comes to the new world to the new world to fulfill his ambition that is his desire to be a great and reverend minister in the Puritan world. What Dimmesdale concerns most is not his lover Hester nor his child Pearl, but what other people think about him and how it will affect his career. In the governors hall, when the governor and others want to take Pearl away from Hester, Dimmesdale does not stand out to help Hester until she asks for help. He helps Hester not because his love for her, but he is afraid that Hester may not keep the secre t any longer. It is for his own sake the he speaks for Hester. In the forest, when Hester reveals the identity of Chillingworth to him, he only thinks of his secret being exposed. He confesses to Hester that he has lived with horror that someone might figure out that Pearl looks like him and suspect that he is her father. When Dimmesdale returns to the town from his meeting with Hester, he feels relieved that she has not planned to leave Boston immediately. This can best illustrate his base ambition. The minister had inquired of Hester, with no little interest, the precise time at which the vessel might be expected to depart. It would probably be on the fourth day from the present. This is most fortunate! he had then said to himself. Now, why the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale considered it so very fortunate we hesitate to reveal. Nevertheless-to hold nothing back from the reader-it was because, on the third day from the present, he was to preach the Election Sermon; and, as such an occasion formed an honorable epoch in the life of a New England Clergyman, he could not have chanced upon a more suitable mode and time of terminating his professional career. At least, they shall say of me, thought this exemplary man, that I leave no public duty unperformed or ill-performed!  [12]   Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the scarlet letter A on the bosom of Dimmesdale may stands for adultery, which is his sexual desire; anguish, his strong passion; and also ambition, his desire to success. Thus the scarlet letter A is the id of Dimmesdale, which is also his basic nature. But the society in which he lives fight against all these human nature, Dimmesdale on one hand wants to satisfy all his desire; on the other hand, he is aware of social rules and moral ethics and cares about what the society says. Consequently Dimmesdale is in a dilemma. Health Promotion Plan: Older People Health Promotion Plan: Older People Caspersen .et .al (1985) defined physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure. The aim of this essay is to plan a health promotion based on older people. Inactivity can lead to health problems, such as obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease and also accident prevention. This assignment will present a series of evidence based on the intervention and will use current theories and models of health that can help prevent, increase and maintain the uptake of physical activity among older adult. These will be formulated through the integration of published scientific literatures. This approach will involve identifying and producing findings which will include the characteristics of determinant of health and health inequality, such as age, belief, class, environment psychosocial whilst applying the Beattie health promotion model in conjunction of specialism and awareness of ethical implication when taking part in health planning. The rationale of choosing this group is because, due to their age they have reduce physical activity. The proportions of older people in the population are increasing quickly and older people are less active. According to Health Education Authority (HEA 1995b) three out of ten men (33%) and four out of ten women (38%) aged between 55 and 74 years are sedentary (i.e. participate in less than half an hour of moderate intensity physical activity a week). It is known that health-related problems increase with both age and inactivity (Mathers et.al 1999, WHO 1996). Hoffman et.al (1996), Rice et.al (1996) pointed out that 85% of individual aged 65-100 years have at least one chronic condition (cardiovascular disease, CHD, stroke, obesity, diabetes, etc) and the numbers continue to grow with advancing in age. However, evidence showing the rate of progression and severity of many diseases in older people can be prevented, minimized or delayed with the provision of effective health promotion programmes, therapeutic exercise or physical activities (Harvey 1991, Nutbeam et.al 1993). However, older adults are more likely to pull out of exercise programs than younger ones. Paterson (1982), Acheson (1998), Naidoo Wills (2005) argue that elderly people, for example, may have different health expectations from those who are young, as may those who live in poverty compared with those who live more affluently. Health Promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, not only embracing actions directed at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also action directed towards changing social, environmental, and economic conditions so as to improve their impact on public and individual health (WHO 1998b) but also defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health (Ewles Simnett, 1996). The World Health Organisation (WHO, 1946) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition is suitable for all groups who need to change to a developmental process Therefore this is evidence that peoples health will be determined by the factor surrounding them such as their beliefs, age, environment etc. Health promotion must be seen in preventing ill health and enhancing positive health. It must also try to develop positive health wit h an eye for prevention: for example, encouragement to physical exercise, through cycling, running and walking. Blaxter . However, Williams (1983) studied the health beliefs of elderly people living in Aberdeen, found that people could consider themselves, or others, healthy even though they may be badly diseased. The health of an individuals and populations can be affected positively and negatively by a range of interrelated factors influencing the determinant health (Keleher et.al (2002), Townsend et.al (1988), Acheson (1998). as a concept and set of practical strategies which remains as an essential guide in addressing the major health challenges faced by developing and developed nations, including communicable and non-communicable diseases and issues related to human development and health. Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991), Acheson (1998) see determinants of health as individual influenced by intrapersonal ( such as age, personal confidence, education, social class, and behavioural attributes and skills), socio-cultural, ( these include social support from peers, social support from ones spouse or family, and influence of a general practitioner), policy and physical-environmental, ( these include climate and seasonal factors, access to physical programmes and facilities), factors such as livi ng and working conditions, and community characteristics which are important to the changing and understanding adult health behaviours. Acheson report (1998), Naidoo and Wills (2005) and WHO (2003) for example, all pointed out that social environmental determinants are highly associated with health. The Office of National Statistics (2007a), Wilkinson (1986) also reported that major causes of sickness and death are circulatory diseases for example, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, cancers and respiratory disease, while Stansfield Marmot (2001) suggested that there may be other links between CHD and psychosocial factors, such as stress and lack of social support, depression and anger. Britton Macpherson (2000) also contributed that physical inactivity, smoking and raised blood cholesterol are major risk factors for CHD. Fennel et.al (1988) pointed out that growing old is far from necessarily accompanied by becoming sick. Again, in the late 1980s, this was considerably higher a mong those in higher social classes and the differences increased over the period from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, particularly for women. However, the social rise in classes according to the Office for National Statistics (2008), Townsend et al (1982); Acheson (1998) and Vent and Wise (1991, 1989) suggests that people in the lower social classes working in unhealthy conditions are more likely to experience poor health, life expectancy, longstanding illness and premature deaths than those in social classes I and II. Caplan (1964) argues that the prevention of disease takes places at different levels. The level of intervention is set out in three main approaches for health promotion action: the downstream primary care approach, the midstream lifestyles/behaviourist approach and the upstream socioecological approach (Murphy Keleher, 2003). Prevention is the notion of reducing the risk of occurrence of a disease process, illness, injury, disability, handicap or some other unwanted phenomenon or state (Tannahill et.al 1996). According to Naidoo and Wills (2000) tertiary prevention is reducing further disability and suffering in those already ill, preventing recurrence of an illness; e.g. rehabilitation, patient education and palliative care. It will address a normative need of the elderly. According to Ewles Simnett (1996) normative need is a need defined by an expert or professional according to her own standards, if it falls short of the standards there is no need. Normative need is based on the value judgements of professional experts, which may lead to two problems. Expert opinion varies over what the suitable standard and the other values and standards of the experts may differ from those of their clients (Ewles Simnett, 1996). According to Ewles Simnett (1996) all planning should have aims and objectives. The aim of the initiative is to raise awareness of the connection between inadequate exercise and coronary heart disease and how the elderly can partake in reducing their vulnerability to the disease. Cognitive Objective is making sure the client understands any given information and the development of intellectual skills (Bloom, 1956). Affective objective is the manner of ways client emotions are dealt with such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations and attitudes (Krathwohl et.al., 1973) . Psychomotor objective is concerned about client physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas (Simpson, 1972). Planning helps elderly people to increase control over their own health, which is the aim of health promotion. Older people who attend the primary care setting have 10 minutes walk, which they find beyond their functional ability. In such a case it is appropriate to support specific activities to help improve mobility and muscular strength and it might require a specialist instruction and supervision from a trained practioner (Ewles Simnett, 1996). According to Beattie (1991) he suggested that there are four paradigms for health promotion. They are produced from the aspect of mode of intervention, which ranges from authoritative to negotiated and they lay as Health Persuasion: This intervention is directed at individual and led by professionals. Personal Counselling: This intervention is based on client led and focus on personal development that is the health promoter acts as a facilitator rather than an expert. Community Counselling: This intervention is a similar way to personal counselling that is seeking to enhance the skills of a group or local community. The chosen mode of intervention which will be used is the personal counselling for health because it brings together individual factors explaining physical activity that is attitudes, beliefs, and values; psychological characteristics such as enjoyment, motivation, perceived health and fitness, barriers, and physical activity self-efficacy (Sallis and Owen, 1999). Strengths are according to NICE (2006); Referral to well-trained staff who can draw on a range of experience and training including behavioural change theory that is physical activity expertise and experience in working with people with specific conditions. Programmes should offer a range of choice of activity and or a choice of venue. Programmes offering ongoing support in the community ideally linked to a support environment for physical activity. Programmes run in conjunction with partners often from the local authority or voluntary sector. Weaknesses are according to NICE (2006): Role or capabilities of individual health professionals. Lack of necessary systems in place within primary care, which limits the ongoing and systematic promotion of physical activity. Lack of a prevention culture within primary care. Lack of clarity and consistency on what constitutes an exercise specialist. Few incentives to promote physical activity within primary care systems. A pressure to demonstrate cost effectiveness Autonomy refers to a persons capacity to choose freely for themselves, the ability to make rational choices and the ability to act on ones environment. Ewles Simnett (1996) suggested that there are different ways in helping a client to take control over their health; encouraging people to make their own decisions and resist the advice to take over the decision-making. It is also used to support people to think for themselves, even if this takes much longer than simply telling them. Autonomy can be obstructed: If you impose your own solution on your clients problems; Telling them that their ideas are no good and will not work, without giving an adequate explanation or opportunity to try them out Telling them what to do because they are taking too long to think it out for themselves Tannahill et.al (1996) defined evaluation as the comparison of an object of interest against a standard of acceptability. The reasons to evaluate are to: To measure the extent to which projects are achieving their main objectives. To update the development of materials and methods. Evaluation helps to compare different looms or consider new refinement in methodology To guarantee ethical practice, that is health promotion activities planning to influence peoples lives in health-enhancing manner. According to Tannahill et.al (1996) evaluation can be classified according to the exact aspect of the programme, which is to be evaluated that is, the process and product or outcome. Long-term health promotion programmes will have objectives about changes in health status and evaluated in terms of outcome. Process evaluation allows analysis of the factor aspect of a project, that is yielding detailed information of direct importance to the development of materials and methods, the understanding of the relevant and reproduction of approach to other settings. Naidoo Wills (2000) also stated that process evaluation employed a wide range of qualitative or soft methods. For example, such methods are interviews, diaries, observation and content analysis of documents. The product or outcome evaluation deals with these questions. It is essential to differentiate between the ultimate outcome, (such as health status) and other outcomes, (such as cognitive or behavioural outcomes), that are di rectly related to the programme objectives. According to Naidoo Wills (2000) outcome evaluation is often the preferred evaluation method because it measures sustained changes that had stood the test of time. Health promotion needs to been seen as contributing to the ultimate outcome but measures with more direct alliance to health promotion projects in measuring the suitable effects of an intervention. In conclusion the essay has shown older people inactivity can lead to health problems, such as obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and how health is defined according to the group involves different determinants of health affecting older people. It also shows measuring health is not a simple task and lack of agreement about which are the best ways to measure health exits. Finally, the use of different kinds of criteria is explored.